See George Rudé, The Crowd in History (London: Serif, 1999; original 1964, revised, 1981).
E. P. Thompson, “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past & Present 50 (February 1971).
Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of the Popular Sovereignty in England and America (New York: Norton, 1988). Hume is cited on 13.
Morgan, 13.
Morgan, 14.
Gustave Le Bon, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (New York: Dover, 2002), X. The first English translation was published in English in 1896.
See J. S. McClelland, The Crowd and the Mob: From Plato to Canetti (London: Unwin Hayman, 1989); Christian Borch, The Politics of Crowds: An Alternative History of Sociology (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1964; originally published in 1932), 11.
Gasset, 73.
Gasset, 68.
The Federalist: From the Original Texts of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison (New York: The Modern Library, Random House, 1937), no. 63, 413.
The Federalist, no. 63, 410.
See Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (New York: Penguin, 2004); Paolo Virno, A Grammar of the Multitude, trans. Isabella Bertoletti, James Casciato, and Andrea Casson (New York: Semiotexte, 2004); Sylvère Lotinger and Christian Marazzi, eds., Autonomia: Post-Political Politics (New York: Semiotexte, 2007).
Virno, The Grammar of the Multitude, 23.
Malcolm Bull, “The Limits of Multitude,” New Left Review, 35 (September–October 2005): 19–39.
Bull, “The Limits of Multitude,” 25.
Bull, “The Limits of Multitude,” 24.
Benedict de Spinoza, A Political Treatise, trans. from the Latin by R.H.M. Elwes (New York: Dover, 1951), vi, 316.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, trans. from the Latin by R.H.M. Elwes (New York: Dover, 1951), xvi, 202–3
Spinoza, A Political Treatise, iv, 309.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, xvi, 205.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, xvii, 214.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, xvi, 204.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, xvi, 203.
Spinoza, A Political Treatise, v, 313.
Spinoza, A Political Treatise, iv, 310–11.
Spinoza, A Theologico-Political Treatise, xvii, 217.
Étienne Balibar, “Spinoza, The Anti-Orwell: The Fear of the Masses,” in Masses, Classes, Ideas: Studies on Politics and Philosophy Before and After Marx, trans. James Swenson (New York: Routledge, 1994), 3–37.
Bull, “The Limits of Multitude,” 29.
See Partha Chatterjee, The Politics of the Governed (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004); Ranjit Guha, Elementary aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1883), Ernesto Laclau, On Populist Reason (London: Verso, 2005), Warren Montag, Bodies, Masses, Power: Spinoza and his Contemporaries (London: Verso, 1999); Jacques Rancière, Dis-agreement: Politics and Philosophy, trans. Julie Rose (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999); James Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985) and The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
See Make Davis, Planet of Slums (London: Verso, 2006).
For an excellent account of a Mumbai slum, see Katherine Boo, Behind the Beautiful Forevers (New York: Random House, 2012).