Issues
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Man as Industrial Palace, from the book by Fritz Kahn, 1926.

Issue #162
Operativism: Labor, Automation, Agitation
With: Elena Vogman, Matteo Pasquinelli, Harun Farocki, Tom Holert, Olexii Kuchanskyi, Alla Vronskaya, Aleksei Gastev, Evgenii Petrov, Aleksandra Selivanova, Devin Fore, Kalindi Vora, and Neda Atanasoski

Responding to the intensification of “military operations” in Ukraine, Gaza, and Iran, this special issue of e-flux journal advocates for a return to a materialist genealogy of “operativism”a concept that spans labor politics and scientific management throughout the twentieth century, from the Soviet avant-gardes to postwar cybernetics to modern warfare and the multiple interpretations of Harun Farocki’s “operational images.” “Operations” have been theorized primarily within the technological register of power, often obscuring other genealogies and readings that see operations as falling within the logic of cooperation in labor and social relations. While debates on the “operative ontologies” of media have foregrounded technical configurations, this issue turns to the “social machine” and the organization of labor that underwrite operations. Elaborating on Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson’s idea of “the operations of capital” and against the mute compulsions of capital today, we propose “operativism” as the other side of its technical and tactical operations.

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8 EssaysApril 2026
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left agitation—and the film within it—must be produced by a collective of left scientists: by sociologists, linguists, psychologists, cyberneticians, mathematicians. by engaging in agitation, they must dissolve their role as specialized individual scientists.

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For the young Farocki, the actual “work” of film went beyond information and entertainment. Though it could be found in the early history of film’s scientific applications, Farocki saw a need for it to be updated and mobilized for agitational purposes in a potentially revolutionary present following 1968. This preference for images at work was to remain an integral part of Farocki's approach to filmmaking and his critical engagement with visual culture.

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War Metabolism and Operative Film
Olexii Kuchanskyi and Elena Vogman

Although Farocki’s projects—to an extent—fall into two groups, with some focusing primarily on labor and others on warfare, they foreground a dialectical connection between the two, which one of his later texts describes as the “connection between a productive force and a destructive force.” Operative film became for Farocki a tool of leftist agitation aimed at revealing and disrupting the vicious economy of the “production of destruction.”

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Fact and Fetish
Alla Vronskaya

It was in Kommayak—to which he would repeatedly return over the next two years—where Tretyakov transformed his earlier program of “factography” into “operativism,” which aimed not to document but to create reality: “To put it simply: inventing something important is belletristic novelism; discovering something important is reportage; constructing something important is operativism.”

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The Social Research on Operation at the Central Institute of Labor
Texts by Aleksei Gastev and Evgenii Petrov, introduced by Aleksandra Selivanova

Gastev’s work as a publicist and poet, carried out under nearly two dozen pseudonyms during the 1900s and 1910s, later shaped the unique language of the Central Institute of Labor. This language oscillated between avant-garde poetry, futurism, scientific journalism, instructional manuals, and training cards. Gastev made extensive use of metaphors, combined with terminology borrowed from other fields, including biology, economics, social psychology, and engineering. Together they formed a vivid and experimental lexicon understandable to people with very different backgrounds.

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Gastev proposed new polytechnical pedagogies to educate the new class subject. To be sure, after the Civil War it seemed that everyone was championing polytechnical education, but in most cases this was just a tactical exigency in response to demands for a flexible workforce that could be deployed in diverse industrial sectors. Gastev had something else in mind. He envisioned a generation of workers who grasped intuitively language’s dual function as both a medium of communication and an instrument of control.

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Building on Benjamin’s observation that the political project of fascist aesthetics is to organize subjects into a mass audience of users, we assert that AI AURA (Aesthetic, Ubiquitous, Regimented Automation) is designed to capture human intimacy through the affective and emotional engagement of embodied response. Thus, AURA serves to name the production of AI output in the complete absence of an original, even as this production is dependent on an extraction of style.