Taif Alkhudary, “How Iraq’s Sectarian System Came to Be,” Al Jazeera, March 29, 2020, ➝; Deniz Gökalp, “Regime Change: Neoliberal State Building and Its Collapse on Iraqi Society,” in International Security and Peacebuilding: Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, ed. Abu Bakarr Bah (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2017), 170–98; Sajad Jiyad, “Corruption Is Strangling Iraq,” The Century Foundation, December 14, 2022, ➝.
Omar Sirri, “Seeing the Political in Baghdad’s Shopping Malls,” LSE Middle East Centre Blog (blog), January 9, 2020, ➝.
Zahra Ali, “Reflecting on Multiple Fragmentations in a City of Men,” Jadaliyya, November 15, 2017, ➝.
“When Frank Lloyd Wright Tried to Make Eden in Iraq,” Phaidon (blog), June 14, 2017.
Hadani Ditmars, “A Dream for Baghdad,” Architectural Review (blog), June 20, 2016, ➝.
Ghada Al Slik, “Baghdad... Images and Memories,” in City of Mirages: Baghdad, from Wright to Venturi, 1952-1982 (Universitat Polytechnica De Catalunya, 2008), 49–72; Waleed Alsadoon, “Rebuilding Baghdad: A Half-Century of International Urban Plans for the Historic Capital of Iraq” (Ph.D diss., SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 2020).
Ditmars, “A Dream for Baghdad.”
Zach Mortice, “Baghdad Through the Lens of an Iraqi Architect,” Architect Magazine, October 18, 2016, ➝.
Martin Bright, “After the Bombs, a Dream of Palm Trees for Baghdad,” The Guardian, March 30, 2003, ➝.
Khalid Mustafa Medani, “State Rebuilding in Reverse” (Middle East Research and Information Project, September 6, 2004), ➝.
Hideki Matsunaga, “Getting Reconstruction Right and Wrong: Lessons from Iraq,” Brookings, October 1, 2019, ➝.
Dave Whyte, “The Crimes of Neo-Liberal Rule in Occupied Iraq,” The British Journal of Criminology 47, no. 2 (March 1, 2007): 177–95; Yousef K. Baker, “Global Capitalism and Iraq: The Making of a Neoliberal State,” International Review of Modern Sociology 40, no. 2 (2014): 121–48.
Omar Sirri, “Destructive Creations: Social-Spatial Transformations in Contemporary Baghdad,” LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series, February 2021.
Beaumont, “Baghdad’s Fancy Shopping Malls Peddle a Better Future?”
Sirri, “Destructive Creations.”
Sirri, “Destructive Creations.”
Tina Susman, “In Iraq, the Tough Can Go Shopping at Military Malls,” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2007, ➝.
Erin Cunningham, “Where to Go Christmas Shopping in Baghdad,” Washington Post, December 23, 2014, ➝.
Katie Forster, “Iraq’s Muslims Celebrate Christmas in Solidarity with Christians,” The Independent, December 25, 2016, ➝.
Fadhel al-Nashmi, “A Quarter of Iraq’s Population Lives Below the Poverty Line,” Asharq Al-Awsat, January 11, 2023, ➝.
Sirri, “Seeing the Political in Baghdad’s Shopping Malls.”
Sirri, “Destructive Creations.”
Zahra Ali, “Reflecting on Multiple Fragmentations in a City of Men,” Jadaliyya, November 15, 2017, ➝.
Quoted in Yaseen Raad, “A Spatial History of a Main Baghdadi Street,” Jadaliyya, October 27, 2015, ➝.
Ashwaq Alomare and Tahrir AL-Musawi, “The Impact of Urban Infill: A Study of Contemporary Malls in Baghdad,” Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 15 (June 1, 2022): 50–63.
Omar Sirri, “Siting the State: Intersections of Space, Religion, and Political Economy in Baghdad,” in POMEPS Studies 35: Religion, Violence, and the State in Iraq (2019), 33–37, ➝.
Jane Arraf and Yasmine Mosimann, “Baghdad Loses Green Space to Real Estate Boom,” New York Times, January 31, 2023, ➝.
Hadeel al Sayegh, “Baghdad Mall a Bright Spot for City yet Problems Still Much in Evidence,” The National, April 22, 2012, ➝.
Anna Klingmann, “The Rise of Shopping Malls within the Framework of Gulf Capitalism,” in The Phenomenon of Malls, ed. Andres Lepik and Vera Simone Baader (Berlin: Hatje Kantz, 2016).
Namariq Al-Rawi, “The Recovery of Baghdad’s Neighborhoods in the Aftermath of ‘Al-Taifiyah’ Sectarian Conflict,” in Urban Recovery: Intersecting Displacement With Postwar Reconstruction, ed. Huwaidā al- Ḥāriṯī (London: Routledge, 2021).
Hadani Ditmars, “Iraqis Defy Sectarianism through Urban Planning, Art,” Middle East Institute, August 30, 2016, ➝.
Aymen Al-Ameri, “I Am Iraqi, I Read Festival Celebrates Its 10th Year in Baghdad,” The National, November 14, 2023, ➝.
Marta Bellingreri, “Doing the Baghdad Walk: Art Tour Highlights Creativity in the Heart of Iraq,” The Guardian, May 5, 2024, ➝.
Zahra Ali, “The 2019 Iraqi Uprising and the Feminist Imagination,” TNI Longreads (blog), October 12, 2021, ➝.
Taif Alkhudary, “‘We Want a Country’: The Urban Politics of the October Revolution in Baghdad’s Tahrir Square,” Third World Quarterly (December 2, 2022): 1–17.
Many of these murals can be seen on Baghdad Tahrir Art, see ➝.
“Iraq Infrastructure in Decay, Buildings at Risk of Collapse,” The New Arab, March 26, 2023, ➝.
“Iraq Infrastructure in Decay, Buildings at Risk of Collapse.”
“The Reconstruction of Baghdad — in Pictures,” The National, May 2023, ➝.
Mayoralty of Baghdad “Al-mukhatat al-’inma’y al-shaml lmadinat Baghdad (Comprehensive Development Plan for the city of Baghdad),” 2022 (accessed August 8, 2023; page inactive as of this writing).
Mayoralty of Baghdad. “Al-mukhatat al-’inma’y al-shaml lmadinat Baghdad 2030 mlakhs al-taqreer al-niha’y (Comprehensive Development Plan for the city of Baghdad 2030 Summary of final report),” 2020, ➝ (accessed August 8, 2023; page inactive as of this writing).
Amr Salem, “China Railway Shows Interest in Taking Part in Baghdad Metro,” Iraqi News, February 19, 2024, ➝; Ministry of Planning, “Wizarat al-tkhtit tatla’ midaniyan ‘ala mashrou’ tsmim w tnfidh w ttwir sahat al nusur bbghdad (Ministry of Planning inspects the design, execution, and development of Nisour Square in Baghdad),” September 12, 2023, ➝.
“Iraq Was Top Target of China’s Belt & Road in 2021- Study,” Reuters, February 2, 2022, ➝.